Ko te maha o ngā wāhanga arotahi he mea nui hei whakatau i te mahi whakaahua i roto i ngā pūnaha whatu, ā, he mea nui hoki i roto i te anga hoahoa whānui. I te whanaketanga haere o ngā hangarau whakaahua hou, kua kaha ake ngā hiahia o ngā kaiwhakamahi mō te mārama o te ahua, te pono o te tae, me te whakaputa taipitopito pai, e hiahiatia ana he mana whakahaere nui ake mō te horapa o te mārama i roto i ngā kōpaki ā-tinana e piki haere ana te kikī. I roto i tēnei horopaki, ko te maha o ngā wāhanga arotahi tetahi o ngā tawhā tino whai mana e whakahaere ana i te kaha o te pūnaha whatu.
Ka whakaurua mai e ia huānga arotahi tāpiri he taumata herekoretanga piki haere, e āhei ai te whakahaere tika i ngā ara mārama me te whanonga arotahi puta noa i te ara whatu. Ehara i te mea ka āwhina noa tēnei ngāwari hoahoa whakarei ake i te arotautanga o te ara whakaahua tuatahi engari ka taea hoki te whakatika i ngā hapa whatu maha. Ko ngā hapa matua ko te hapa porowhita—e puta mai ana ina kore e taea e ngā hihi taha me ngā hihi paraxial te huihui ki tētahi pūwāhi arotahi noa; te hapa koma—e puta mai ana hei paninga kore taurite o ngā pūtake pūwāhi, inā koa ki te taha o te ahua; te astigmatism—e hua ake ai he rerekētanga arotahi e whakawhirinaki ana ki te aronga; te piko o te mara—te wāhi e piko ai te papa o te ahua, e arahi ana ki ngā rohe pokapū koi me te arotahi taha kua heke; me te hapa āhuahanga—e puta mai ana hei ahua ahua-para,-urunga-pin rānei.
Hei tāpiri atu, ko ngā hapa tae—i te taha me te taha—i puta mai i te mararatanga o ngā rauemi ka whakararu i te tika me te rerekētanga o te tae. Mā te whakauru i ngā huānga arotahi tāpiri, inā koa mā roto i ngā huinga rautaki o ngā arotahi pai me te kino, ka taea te whakaiti i ēnei hapa, ā, ka whakapai ake i te ōritetanga o te whakaahua puta noa i te tirohanga.
Nā te tere o te whanaketanga o te whakaahua taumira teitei kua whakanui ake i te hiranga o te uaua o te arotahi. Hei tauira, i roto i te whakaahua waea atamai, kei te whakauruhia e ngā tauira matua ngā pūoko CMOS me te maha o ngā pika e neke atu ana i te 50 miriona, ko ētahi e eke ana ki te 200 miriona, me te whakaiti haere tonu i ngā rahi pika. Ka whakatakotohia e ēnei whanaketanga he whakaritenga pakari mō te ōritetanga koki me te ātea o te mārama taunga. Hei whakamahi katoa i te mana whakatau o aua huinga pūoko kiato teitei, me whakatutuki e ngā arotahi ngā uara Mahi Whakawhiti Whakarerekētanga (MTF) teitei ake puta noa i te awhe auau ātea whānui, kia tika ai te whakaputa i ngā kakano pai. Nō reira, kāore e ranea ngā hoahoa toru, e rima rānei ngā huānga tuku iho, e akiaki ana i te tango i ngā whirihoranga maha-huānga matatau pērā i ngā hoahoa 7P, 8P, me te 9P. Mā ēnei hoahoa ka taea te whakahaere pai ake i ngā koki hihi whakarara, e whakatairanga ana i te taunga tata-noa ki te mata o te pūoko me te whakaiti i te whakawhitiwhiti microlens. Heoi anō, mā te whakaurunga o ngā mata aspheric ka whakarei ake i te tika o te whakatikatika mō te he me te whakapōturi porowhita, ka whakapai ake i te koi o te taha ki te taha me te kounga o te ahua whānui.
I roto i ngā pūnaha whakaahua ngaio, ko te hiahia mō te hiranga o te whatu ka akiaki i ngā otinga uaua ake. Ko ngā arotahi matua nui-pūwero (hei tauira, f/1.2, f/0.95 rānei) e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā kāmera DSLR me te kore whakaata teitei ka tino pāngia e te he porowhita kino me te koma nā te mea he papaku te hohonu o te mara me te nui o te putanga mārama. Hei ārai i ēnei pānga, ka whakamahia e ngā kaihanga ngā puranga arotahi kei roto ko te 10 ki te 14 ngā huānga, me te whakamahi i ngā rauemi matatau me te hangarau tika. Ka whakamahia rautakitia te karaihe iti-marara (hei tauira, ED, SD) hei pehi i te marara chromatic me te whakakore i te fringing tae. Ka whakakapia e ngā huānga aspheric ngā wāhanga porowhita maha, ka tutuki te whakatikatika he pai ake te he me te whakaiti i te taumaha me te tatau huānga. Ko ētahi hoahoa mahi teitei ka whakauru i ngā huānga whatu diffractive (DOE) me ngā arotahi fluorite hei pehi atu i te he chromatic me te kore e tāpiri i te papatipu nui. I roto i ngā arotahi whakanui ultra-telephoto—pēnei i te 400mm f/4, 600mm f/4 rānei—ka neke atu pea te huihuinga whatu i te 20 ngā huānga takitahi, me ngā tikanga arotahi mānu hei pupuri i te kounga ahua rite tonu mai i te arotahi tata ki te mutunga kore.
Ahakoa ēnei painga, ko te whakanui ake i te maha o ngā wāhanga arotahi ka puta he taupatupatu hangarau nui. Tuatahi, ko ia atanga hau-karaehe e whai wāhi ana ki te ngaronga whakaata tata ki te 4%. Ahakoa ngā paninga ārai-whakaata hou - tae atu ki ngā paninga nano-hanganga (ASC), ngā hanganga roa-iti (SWC), me ngā paninga whānui maha-apa - kāore e taea te karo i ngā ngaronga whakawhiti kohikohi. Ka taea e te nui o ngā wāhanga te whakaiti i te tuku mārama katoa, te whakaheke i te ōwehenga tohu-ki-haruru me te whakanui ake i te ngawari ki te mura, te kohu, me te whakaiti i te rerekētanga, inā koa i roto i ngā taiao iti te mārama. Tuarua, ka nui haere te tono mō ngā manawanui hanga: me pupuri te tūranga tuaka, te honga, me te mokowā o ia arotahi i roto i te tika taumata-micrometer. Ka taea e ngā peka ke te whakaputa i te whakahekenga hapa tuaka-kore, te pōuri ā-rohe rānei, ka whakanui ake i te uaua o te whakaputa me te whakaiti i ngā reiti hua.
Hei tāpiri, ko te nui ake o te tatau o ngā arotahi ka whakanui ake i te rōrahi me te taumaha o te pūnaha, e rerekē ana ki te whakaritenga whakaitiiti i roto i ngā taputapu hiko kaihoko. I roto i ngā tono iti te wāhi pērā i ngā waea atamai, ngā kāmera mahi, me ngā pūnaha whakaahua e mau ana i te waka rererangi, he wero nui te hoahoa ki te whakauru i ngā whatu mahi-teitei ki roto i ngā āhuatanga āhua kiato. Hei tāpiri, ko ngā wāhanga miihini pērā i ngā kaiwhakaoho arotahi aunoa me ngā waeine whakau whakaahua whatu (OIS) me nui te ātea mō te nekehanga o te rōpū arotahi. Ka taea e ngā puranga whatu tino uaua, kāore rānei i te pai te whakarite te aukati i te whiu me te urupare a te kaiwhakaoho, ka whakararu i te tere arotahi me te whai huatanga o te whakau.
Nō reira, i roto i te hoahoa whatu mahi, ko te whiriwhiri i te maha tino pai o ngā huānga arotahi me whai tātaritanga hangarau whānui. Me whakataurite e ngā kaihoahoa ngā rohe mahi ariā me ngā here o te ao tūturu tae atu ki te tono ūnga, ngā āhuatanga taiao, te utu whakaputa, me te rerekētanga mākete. Hei tauira, ko ngā arotahi kāmera pūkoro i roto i ngā taputapu mākete papatipu e whakamahi ana i ngā whirihoranga 6P, 7P rānei hei whakataurite i te mahi me te whai hua o te utu, engari ko ngā arotahi kiriata ngaio ka whakatairanga pea i te kounga whakaahua tino pai i te utu o te rahi me te taumaha. I te wā kotahi, ko ngā whanaketanga i roto i ngā pūmanawa hoahoa whatu—pērā i a Zemax me Code V—ka taea te arotau i ngā taurangi maha matatau, ka taea ai e ngā kaihangarau te whakatutuki i ngā taumata mahi e rite ana ki ngā pūnaha nui ake e whakamahi ana i ngā huānga iti ake mā roto i ngā kōtaha piko kua whakatikatikaina, te kōwhiringa taupū whakaata, me te arotau i te tauwehenga aspheric.
Hei whakamutunga, ehara te maha o ngā wāhanga arotahi i te ine noa i te uaua o te tirohanga engari he taurangi matua e tautuhi ana i te rohe o runga o te mahi whakaahua. Heoi, kāore e tutukihia te hoahoa tirohanga pai mā te whakanui ake i ngā tau anake, engari mā te hanganga ātaahua o tētahi hoahoa taurite, e whai whakaaro ana ki te ahupūngao e whakataurite ana i te whakatikatika hapa, te pai o te tuku, te kiato hanganga, me te kaha hanga. I te tirohanga whakamua, ko ngā mahi auaha i roto i ngā rauemi hou—pērā i ngā polymer me ngā rauemi meta-taurangi teitei, iti-marara—ngā tikanga hanga matatau—tae atu ki te hanga taumata-wafer me te tukatuka mata kore-ahua—me te whakaahua rorohiko—mā te hoahoa tahi o ngā tirohanga me ngā rauropi—e tumanakohia ana ka tautuhi anō i te tauira o te tatau tirohanga "tino pai", ka taea ai ngā pūnaha whakaahua o te whakatupuranga e whai ake nei e tohuhia ana e te mahi teitei ake, te mohio nui ake, me te whakapai ake i te tauine.
Wā tuku: Hakihea-16-2025